Covid-19 pandemic len lai khan virtual-a min thlunzawmtu ber chu internet a ni. High-speed internet connection hmangin thiante nen kan video chat thei a, online payment kan ti thei a, class emaw meeting-ah chenna In atangin kan tel thei bawk. Chung zawng zawng connection chu engtiangin nge a thlen theih?
Eng nge optical fibre?
Optical fibres te chu glass sinte hrualmuam a ni ber a. Fibre diameter hi mihring sam ang vel leka sin a ni. Heng fibre te hian information thu, thlalak, aw, video, telephone calling te digital information ang chi chu êng tluka chakin hmun hla tak takah a thlen nghal thei a ni.
Text message leh phone call te chu kan ni tin nuna bet tlat tawh niin a tam ber chuan a tur ve renga kan ngaih a ni a. Chung atana pawimawh ber chu optical fibre te chu an ni.
Ultra-thin fibre te hi a dawrawm hle thung a. Mahse, a tuamtu tha taka siam chuan a daih rei em em thung a. Chak tak, zang bawk si, ulh thleh mai awl sam lei hnuaiah emaw tuihnuaiah emaw pawh dah mai theih tura siam a ni.
Kum 60 dawn kalta khan physicist Charles Kao chuan glass fibre te chu telecommunication atana pawimawh tur leh copper wire thlaktu tur a lo ti tawh a. A tirah chuan mitam tak ten a thusawi chu an awih hauh lo, tunah erawh a thleng dik ta a ni. Fibre optic communication lama a sulhnu leh hlawhtlinna avangin kum 2009 khan Dr. Kao hian Nobel Prize in Physics a dawng nghe nghe a ni.
Optical fibre hnathawh dan?
êng hi electromagnetic wave spectrum of frequencies nei a ni a. Eng hmuh theih X-rays, radio waves leh thermal radiation (lum) te hi spectrum a innghat vek an ni. Mihringte hian ni eng hmangin thil kan hmu a, mahse hun rei tak hnuah chauh fibre optic cable (light pipes) hmanga coded signal pek kan thiam chauh a ni.
êngin glass surface a chhun hian tlemte chauhin a chhuntlanga a dang zawng chu a kalpeng thin. A paltlang pawhin boruak ang lo takin glass refractive index chu a danglam avangin sawi angin a lang thin. Refractive index hi eng kal chak theih dan khawih danglamtu ber a ni bawk.
êng zung a let zawnga a kal hi glass atangin boruakah a nih chuan boruak a lut tlang ngai lo. Chu aiah chuan glass-ah bawk a insawhkhawk let leh thin. Hei hi total internal reflection tih a ni a, hei tak hi optical power hloh bawk si lova hmun hla tak engin a chhun theihna a ni a. Siamrem hret chuan eng chu pawn lama chhuak mang lovin glass chhungah a sawhkhawk kual reng thei bawk.
Chu tak chu electromagnetic wave te optical fibre a dah theihna chu niin signal anga information a pek chhuahin kilometre tam tak glass wall chhungah chuan sawhkhawk kualin a awm thei ta thin a ni.
Fibre communication system hian thil pathum a nei a. Transmitter encodes information optical signala, optical fibre chuan signal chu a thlenna turah a thlen/keng ta a ni. Chumi hnuah receiver chuan information chu encoded signal atang chuan a pechhuak ve leh thung thin.
Optiwal wave hmangin data transmission sang tak a pe chhuak thei a, fibre pakhatah pawh second khatah terabits tam tak a pe thei. Radio emaw copper-cable-based communication ang lo takin fibre cable chu pawnlam thil tek leh khawtha lo lakah pawh a him bik em em bawk.
Eng tiangin nge fibre optic cable siam a nih?
êngin tui leh glass a effect a neih te chu mihring tena an hriatthiamna a rei tawh a, mahse, light-guiding tak chu kum zabi 19 na lai vel atanga hriatthiam chauh a ni.
Kum 1840 khan Jean-Daniel Colladon, University of Geneva chuan water jet ah eng thendarh theih a nih dan a hrefiah tawh a, a hnuah Jacques Babinet chuan France-ah glass rod tihthlep nan a hman theih tih a hmuchhuak bawk.
Water fountain te êngin mawi tak taka a chhun i hmu tawh ang a, henga sulsutu ber chu John Tyndall niin Colladan light fountain tih mila a kalpui a ni. Michael Faraday rawtna angin kum 1854 daih tawh khan Royal Society, Londin ah water jet ah light effect pholan a ni tawh a, plastic-fibre Christmas tree ah te pawh hmuh theihin pholan a ni zui bawk.
Kum 1920 chho khan Clarence Hansell leh John Logie Baird te chuan glass fibre atanga thlalak lantir dan an lo tichuak tawh a. Kum 1930 chho atang khan doctor te chuan fibre sin tak tak te chu damlote kawchhung en nan leh ha leh ka chhung zai tura tih en nan an lo hmang thiam tawh bawk.
Tun hmaa optical fibre te kha chu a chhe hma em em a, hmun hla tak eng inpek nana hmantlak a ni lo. Kum 1954 khan fibre lam thiamna chuan hmasawnna nasa tak neiin Harold Hopkins leh Narinder Singh Kapany, Imperial College London te chuan optical fibre 10,000 chuang 75 cm long bundle hmangin thlalak an thawnchhuak ta a. Kapany kha Indian American physicist he ti lama sulsutu pawimawh a ni bawk.
Kum hnih hnuah Lawence E. Curtis, University of Michigan chuan glass-clad fibre hmasa ber a siam chhuak ta a ni. Glass fibre te chu refrative index nei tlem material hmangin a tuama chumi hmang chuan hmun hla tak takah data tranmission a tih theih ta a. He mi kum vek hian Kapany chuan a hmingah ‘fibre optics’ tih a phuah zui ta a ni.
Kum 1960 khan Theodore Maiman chuan laser hmasa ber siam chhuakin chu chuan optical communication lama research a tithang nasa hle a. Laser hmangin digital information tin chu optical signal-ah a leh zung zung theih ta a ni. Mahse, chung light signal-te hmun hla taka thawn theihna chu harsatna a la ni a, khatih laia optical fibre tha ber te pawhin metre tlemte hnuah an power 99% an hloh hman thin a ni.
Kum 1966 khan Kao leh a thawhpuite chuan signal-te chu eng darh aimahin glass fim tawk loh vang tih an hmuchhuak a. Rawtna siamin temperature sang takin high-purity fuses silica rawhin chuta tang chuan fibre sin tê siamchhuah ni se a ti. Chumi hmang chuan glass fibre a light signal darh tin chu kilometre khatah 20 decibels in a tihniam a, a awmzia chu kilometre khatah pawh signal 1% hmuh theihin a la awm dawn tihna a ni.
Kum 1971 khan American glass-making company Corning Glass Works te chuan an tihlawhtling thei ta bawk a. Tunah chuan glass fibre te chu fibre-drawing technique hmang veka siam a ni tawh a. Glass rod chhah tak chu chemical vapour decomposition hmangin fim tak turin siam a ni a, chu chu 1,600 degree C ah a tui thlengin hem niin chuta tang chuan fibre sei tak siam a ni ta a ni. H emi hmang hian fibre diameter chu tihtlem niin a sei lam erawh a ngai reng thung a, chutah fibre chu a chak leh ngheh nan tuam zui a ni ta a ni.
Fibre optics cables hmalam hun?
Fibre optics technology chu telecommunication, medical science, laser technology leh sensing lamah nasa taka hman mek zel a ni.
India pawhin communication tihchangtlun leh quantum science tihhmasawn zel chu a tum ber niin Union Budget 2020 ah pawh khan national mission angin a kalpui a. ‘National Mission on Quantum Technologies and Applications’ hnuaiah kum nga chhunga hman turin budget ah pwh Rs 8,000 crore lawih a dah a ni.
Fibre optic netwrok hi turu zel tura ngaih niin quantum optics te nen fibre optic communication chuan bung thar a kai zel tura ngaih a ni.