ZIRNA THA LEH RAM HMASAWNNA

Prof. Vanlalchhawna
Thing leh mau, leilung hausakna hi ram hmasawnna bul emaw kan tifo thin. Hei hi a dik tawk lo deuh. Mi thiamte chuan ‘ram leilung hausakna te, khawl leh hmanraw tha ni lovin, mihringte hriatna leh thiamna, hriselna tha te hi hmasawnna thlentu dik tak zawk a ni’ an ti. America ram hmasawnna leh ropuina hi ‘mihring chengte tum ruhna bakah, zirna tha an neih vang’ tih a ni. Indopui Pahnihna khan Europe leh Japan ramte a tichhe nasa hle a. USA tanpuina Marshall Plan hnuaiah hun rei lo te chhungin an ei bar zawnna dinhmun nasa taka tlachhe tawh chu an siam tha leh thei a; hei hi a chhan chu ‘hriatna (knowledge) leh thiamna (skill) an neih vang’ tih a ni.
Tun hnaiah South Korea, Singapore, Hongkong leh Taiwan te namen lovin hma an sawn ve leh a. ‘Asian tigers’ tih hial khawpin an awm a, ram changkang tawh sa te dinhmun ang chu hun rei lo te chhungin an rawn um pha ta hial a. Hei hi a chhan chu ‘zirna tha an neih vang’ tih a ni. Sawrkarin mi tin ban phakah sikul tha a din a; college leh university-ah science, engineering leh technology zirna tha tak an nei bawk. Kum 1980 hnu lamah China ram pawhin nasa takin hma a rawn sawn ve leh a; hei hi ‘zirna tha, a bikin science, engineering leh vocational/skill education lam an uar vang’ tih a ni.
Ram changkang apiangin zirna leh hriselna lam an ngai pawimawh a. Ramchhung ei leh bar, sum leh pai dinhmun a tlak hniam te, ram dang nena insumdawntawnna kawnga an chan a chhiatin, ram hruaitute chuan ‘zirna lamah tan lak a ngai’ an ti thin. British PM nihna tum hnih lai chelhtu Tony Blair-a chuan a sawrkar ngaihpawimawh tur thil pathum a sawi te chu ‘pakhatna- zirna, pahnihna- zirna leh pathumna zirna’ a ti hial a ni.
ZIRNA LEH HRISELNA
Zirna avanga mihringten hriatna leh thiamna a neih te, hnathawhna hmuna inzirbelhna (on-the job training) leh hriselna tha te hi ‘human capital’ tih a ni. Zirna leh hriselna atan sum leh pai senralte hi ‘investment in human capital’ tih a ni. Zirna hian mihringte hriatna leh thiamna nasa takin a tipung a; rilru leh ngaihtuahna a tihchak bakah hmanrua leh khawl thar siam thiamna leh hman thiamna a pe bawk. Zirna hian sumdawnna leh thilsiamna lama tuimi (entrepreneur) tam zawk a chher chhuak bawk.
Hnathawktu tha ni tur chuan inzirbelh zel a ngai a; ram changkangah chuan hnathawhna hmuna inzir belhna (on-the-job training) hi an ngai pawimawh hle. Thawhrimna leh taihmakna tel lovin hma a sawn theih loh va; mihringten hriselna tha kan neih loh chuan a taihmak theih loh va, a thawhrim theih loh bawk. Chuvangin hnathawktu tha ni tur chuan hriselna tha neih a ngai a ni.
Hriatna leh thiamna hi hmanrua leh khawl te aiin an hlu zawk daih a. Hriatna leh thiamna tlingkhawm hi mi dang hnena hralh emaw, rochuntir theih a ni lova; sawrkar pawhin a chhuhsak thei lo. Hei hi Juda-hote hian an hrechiang hle. Thiamna hi a neitu ngeiin a hman a ngai. Thiamna nei turin mahni ngeiin thawhchhuah tur a ni, aiawh a tirh theih loh. Tanpuitu/zirtirtu nen beih a ngai thung.
Naupan lai huna thiamna ngah hi a hlu bik; kum upat hnuah chuan a rah seng hun chhung a tawi, a hlawkna a hniam. Bungrua leh hmanraw dang ang bawkin mihringte hriatna leh thiamna hlutna hi a tlahniam thei. Thiamna thenkhat hmantlak loh, hlui leh tawngtawl a awm thei bawk; thiamna thenkhat chu dam chhunga atana tangkai leh hlu te an ni thung. Hmeichhiate zirna hi chhungkua leh ram tan a hlu zual. Hnathawh theih nan mai ni lovin, fanau enkawl nan leh chhungkaw inrelbawl nan a tangkai hle.
SKILL REVOLUTION A THLENG MEK
India ram hi khawvela mihring tamna ber ram, hnathawk thei (working population) pawh ngah bera ngaih a ni. Amaherawh chu hnathawka chhawrtlak, thiamna bik ‘vocational degree’ nei erawh an tlem hle. Five Year Plan 12-na khan ‘India rama hnathawktu kum 19-24 inkar zaa 5 chauhin thiam bikna (vocational degree) an nei’ a ti. He tih lai hian thiam bikna degree nei hnathawktu hi USA-ah zaa 52, Germany-ah zaa 75, South Korea-ah zaa 96 an ni thung. Ram changkangah chuan vocational zirna hi sikul-ah mai ni lovin, college leh university thlengin an nei. China ramin vocational zirna a ngah ber, 11,700 lai a nei a ni.
India ram pawh vocational leh skill development lamah nasa takin tan a la mek a. National Skill Policy ruahmanin, Ministry of Skill Development and Entrepreneurship (MSDE) siamin, Skill India Mission hnuaiah skill development lam chak takin kalpui a ni.
Vocational education hian zirna leh eizawnna inzawmtir a tum ber a; eizawnna bik chungchang (industry-relevant curriculum) chauh zirtirna a ni. India rama vocational education hlawhchhamna chhan pakhat chu pawl 11-12 atangin zir tan chauh a nih bakah pawl 12 zir zo tan chhunzawm zelna tur a awm lo. Tunah chuan vocational subject zir chhunzawm theihna tur mumal takin ruahman a ni.
NEP 2020 hian vocational zirna leh Industrial Training Institute (ITI) zirna hi lehkha thiam thei lote zirna nia ngaih thin hi tihbo a tum hle. General education leh vocational/skill education te kal kawp dan tur ruahmanna mumal tak siam a ni tawh a. Kum 2025-ah chuan zirlai zaa 50 ten vocational zirna an hmelhriat tura ngaih a ni. Secondary school te chu ITI, polytechnic leh thilsiamtute nen thawh ho dan kawng dap tura beisei an ni. Pre-school atanga pawl 12 thlengin ‘skill-based activities’ chi hrang hrang ruahman tur a ni bawk. College zirna-ah vocational leh skill education telh a ni ta bawk.
MIZORAM ZIRNA DINHMUN A HRISEL LO
Mizoram zirna hmasawnnan Central Sector Schemes hrang hrang kalpui a ni thin a. A langsar zualte chu Sarva Shiksha Abhiyan (SSA) leh Rashtriya Madhyamik Shiksha Abhiyan (RSMA) te an ni. Heng scheme pahnihte hi kaikawpin Samagra Shiksha Abhiyan tih a ni a, Society angin kalpui a ni. Higher Education hnuaiah RUSA/PM-USHA te a awm bawk. Periodic Labour Force Survey (PLFS) tehfung hmangin ULLAS hnuaiah Mizoram chu India rama puitling kum 15 chung lam ziak leh chhiar thiam vek ‘fully literate state’ hmasa berah puan a ni. Hetih lai hian zirna lamah mamawh leh tlakchham kan la ngah hle; a pawimawh zualte han tarlang ila.
1. Vocational leh Skill development lamah kan hniam: Mizoramah Pawl 12 leh a hnuai lam zirna sangli chuang leh zirlai nuai thum vel an awm a. Universiy level zirna pali bakah Affilliated institute 36 a awm a. Professional course zirna Law college, College of Veterinary Sciences & Animal Husbandry, Medical college leh Paramedical institute te kan neih bakah Nursing college paruk, Polytechnic pahnih leh DIET pariat lai a awm bawk. Heng zirna sangah hian kum tin zirlai 24,000 chuang an awm thin.
Industrial Training Institute (ITI) pathum a awm a. Samagra Shiksha hnuaiah sikul thenkhatah subject pakhat (6th subject) angin vocational zirna hi dah a ni awm e. NEP 2020 duh dana vocational leh skill development zirna lam hmalakna mumal tak a awm lo niin a lang.
2. Zirna atana State sawrkar sum sen a beitham: State sawrkar sum hman ralna pumpui atanga chhutin zirna atan zaa 10 vel chauh kan hmang; State sum dehchhuah (GSDP) atanga chhutin zaa 5.32 hmang ral ang kan ni bawk. NEP 2020 rawtna angin GSDP atanga chhutin zaa 6 tal zirna atan hmang ila, kan ziawm deuh ngei ang. Zirtirtu hna ruak, sanctioned post atanga chhutin, zaa 52 hnawh khah lovin a awm bawk; hei hi kan ram zirnain a tuar hle.
3. |halai thahnem tawk tak zirna-in rap lo an awm: Mizoram Statistical Handbook 2022 tarlan danin Gross Enrolment Ratio (GER) hi pawl riat hnuai lamah zaah za chuang an nih laiin High school (kum 14-15)-ah zaah 93.36 leh Higher Secondary School (kum 16-17)-ah zaah 61.3 chauh a ni. All India Survey on Higher Education (AISHE) 2021-22 tarlan danin college leh university a kai zat, kum 18-23 inkar hi zaa 32.3 chauh an ni bawk. State dangah zirlai engemaw zat kal bawk mah se, thalai rual Higher Secondary leh college/university zirna rap lo (drop out) an thahnem hle. Hei hi ruihhlo ngai an tam chhan pakhat niin a lang.
4. National level atanga tehna:
India State/UT huapin School education dinhmun zir chianna hi a awm nual mai. A langsar zualte chu Annual Status of Education Report (ASER) te, Performance Grading Index (PGI) leh PARKH Assessment Report te an ni. Heng tehna atanga a lan danin zirna lamah hmasawnna tur a la tam hle a ni.
TLANGKAWMNA
Ram leh hnam hmasawnna hi mipuite tumruhna, hriatna leh thiamna, taihmakna leh thahrui tha-ah a innghat a. Mizoramin a mamawh ber chu Mizoram mil zirna tha duan chhuah leh mihringte hriselna nei tura beihpui thlak a ni. Mizoram zirna hi kum zabi 21-nain a mamawh thiamna pe tura siam that hi a pawimawh tak zet a ni.