ENVIRONMENTAL IMPACT ASSEMENT (EIA) POLICIES AND LAW

By Michael Lalramdingliana

Environmental Impact Assessment (EIA) chu hmasawnnaa hmalakna lo awm tur, kan chhehvel ram leilungah leh thil nung tinrengte laka nghawng a neih theih dan tur zir chianna leh hrilhlawkna a ni a. Heng hmalaknain nghawng a neih theih dan tur a zira thutlukna siamna hmanraw pawimawh tak a ni.
EIA chuan hmasawnna hna lo awm tur chu kan leilung leh thil nung tinreng lakah leh, kan sum leh pai kan hman ralna nghawng lo thei ang ber turin ruahmanna thlan tur a chhawp chhuah sak thin a ni.
EIA chuan uluk tak leh awmze nei takin heng hmasawnna lo awm turte hian, kan leilung leh thil nung tinrengte laka nghawng a neih theih dan tur a zir chian mai bakah hmasawnna hnain ram tan a hlawkna a ken tel tur te chu a zir chiang tel bawk thin a. Heng a nghawng theihte leh a hlawkna tel theih tur te hi hmasawnna hna ruhrel an siam laiin an telh ve ngei ngei tur a ni.
Chung hmasawnna tur a hna ruhrel an siam (project design) lai chuan, kan ram leilung leh thil nung tin rengte laka nghawng a neih theih dan tur leh, chhiatna lo thleng thei laka a chhawmdawlna tur (mitigation measure) hmalakna leh heng chhiatna lak inchhawmdawlna hman a nih tawh hnu pawha chhiatna lo thleng leh zel tur te chu ziah lan a ni thin a ni.
Chung chhiatna lo thleng thei zawng zawng lakah leh a inchhawmdawlna te chu hma taka peih a nih chuan EIA kan tih hian hamthatna tamtak min thlen thei a, Chungte chu:-
1. Leilung leh thil nung tinrengte humhalh an ni.
2. Kan Ram leilung hausakna a tha thei ang bera hman a ni.
3. Hriatlawk loh chhiatna lo thleng tur laka hun, sum leh pai khawhralna turah a veng.
4. EIA phhuahkhawmnaah mipui an tel ve avangin Mipui nen innghirhona awm thei lakah a veng.
5. Hmasawnna lo awm tur hna hma latu ten ram leilung mila hmalak dan an hriat phah.
EIA lo irh chhuah dan: Kum zabi 20 chhunga ram leilung leh thil nung tinreng te humhalhna kawnga harhna lian ber chu Environmental Impact Assesment an neih thin hi a ni awm e. Kum 37 kal ta kha chuan EIA hi arim ara pawh kan la hre lo a, amaherawh chu tunlai khawvelah chuan kalphung pangngai khawvel ram tam zawkin an zawm a lo ni ta a ni.
Kum 1969 khan USA chuan National Environmental Protection Act chu Danah pawm in, Environmental Impact Assesment (EIA) hi hmalakna lo awm tur a zir lawkna an neih ngei ngei turin hmalakna a nei a. Hei hi EIA khawvelin kan lo hmelhriat tanna chu a ni.
Kum 1973-74 inkar chho khan ram hausa zual leh sum lalut hnem Canada, Australia leh New Zealand te chuan EIA chu an lo hmang tawh a. Heng ram thang mek Columbia (1974) leh Philippines (1978) te pawh hian an lo hmang tan tawh bawk a ni.
Kum 1980 lai hawl chho vel atang khan EIA chu khawvel hmun hrang hrangah a lar chho tawh hle a. Kum 1989 phei kha chuan World Bank chuan an lak atanga hmasawnna hna atana sum puktute tan EIA ti ngei ngei turin a phut mai bakah a vil tel bawk thin a ni.
INDIA rama EIA lo irh chhuah dan: Kum 1976-77 bawr chho khan Planning Commision chuan Department of Science and Technology chu River-Valley Project te chuan Kan ram leilung leh thil nungtinrengte laka nghawng a neih theih dan te chu zir chiang turin a ti a.
Heng zirchianna te hi Public Investment Board atanga hmasawnna hna reng reng tan tura phalna lak ngai zawng zawngah chuan nei vek turin Planning Commission chuan a rawn ti chhunzawm zel a. Kum 1994 hma lam kha chuan Central sawrkar atanga Environment Clearance lak ngai thin chu sawrkar hnathawkte thutluknaah a innghat ber a, dan mumal tak zam a la awm lo a ni.
January ni 27, 1994 khan Union Ministry of Environment and Forest , Central Sawrkar chuan Environmental (Protection) Act 1986 denchhenin EIA notification chu danah a puangzar ta a. Schedule 1 hnuaia hmalakna reng rengah Environment Clearance chu neih ngei ngei turin a rawn ti a ni.
He ta chin atang hian EIA notification 1994 chu vawi 12 lai siam rem a ni a. Kum 2006, September khan MoEF chuan EIA notification chu ti danglamin, heng mining, thermal power plant, river-valley project leh hmasawnna hna kawng hrang hrang (Kawng, Kawngpui, lawngchawlhna leh thlawhna tumhmun) leh Industry hrang hrang (electroplating) te chuan Environment clearance chu an nei ngei ngei tur a ti bawk a ni.
Amaherawh chu, EIA 1994-a Central sawrkarin hmasawnna hna atan a ramngaw a thiah theihna chu he dan thar hian hmasawnna hna a len dan azirin Ramngaw thiah theihna chu State sawrkar thu-ah a rawn dah ta bawk a ni.
Coastal Regulation Act 1991-a heng hmasawnna hna hrang hrang a phal chin te pawh chuan hetiang ang clearance phalna an lak a lo tul tawh a. Chu mai bakah World Bank hnuaiah leh ADB hnuaia sum puk, hmasawnna hna atan a hman te tur te chuan Environment Clearance an neih ngei a ngai a rawn ti bawk a ni.
EIA Tih dan: EIA tih dan hi Ram emaw Sum puk tirtu ( Donor agencies, entir nan World Bank, ADB) ten an mamawh dan azirin, chi hrang hrang a awm ve a. Amaherawhchu, EIA tam zawk hi chuan tih dan leh kalphung zawm bik an nei a ni.
Environment Impact Assesment chuan tih dan inkhaidiat pariat (8) a nei a. A khaidiat tin te hi hmasawnna hna atana an thawh that dan a inang vek a. Dan naranin EIA chu Screening process atang a intan a, chu chuan hun, sum leh pai hmasawna hnaa an neih dan tur te enfiahin a tawp berah EIA zirchiannaa an hmuh chhuah chu hman tangkai a ni em tih te a ni leh thin.
Step pariat te chu tawi te tein han ziak dawn chhin ila:
1. Screening: Hei hi EIA neihnaa step hmasa ber a ni a, hmasawnna hnain EIA a mamawh dawn em? A mamawh dawn chuan engtiang anga zirchin ngai chi nge a nih tih kan hriat theihna tur a ni.
2. Scoping: He mi stage-ah hi chuan hmasawnna hnain buaina a thlen theih lian zual te leh engtin nge nghawng a neih theih tih te zir chianna a ni a. Eng chena zau azir chian nge ngai anga engchena rei nge zir ngai ang tih chu hemi stage hian a hril bawk a ni.
3. Impact Analysis: He stage-ah hi chuan hmasawnna hnain engtiang chiahin nge ram leilung leh thil nung zawng zawngteah leh khawtlang nunah nghawng a neih theih ang tih zir lawkna a ni.
4. Mitigation: He stage-ah hi chuan hmasawnna hnaa nghawng awm theite leh a nghawng nat zualna lai bika hmasawnna hmachhuan zawnga hmalak nasat loh leh tih tlemna tura hrilhlawkna a ni.
5. Reporting: He stage-ah hi chuan EIA chu report format in thuneitute leh hmasawnna hna a lo phur ve hrim hrim te hnenah pharh chhuah a ni.
6. Review of EIA: EIA report chu thutlukna siamna atan a hmantlak dawn em? A rintlak dawn em tih te chu uluk taka zir chian leh a ni.
7. Decision making: EIA report an pharh tak atang chuan chu hmasawnna hna chu kal tlang pui chi a ni em tih te chu Impact Assesment thuneitute leh mithiamte chuan hmasawnna hna neitute en thuthluna siam turin an thu ho a. Heng thutlukna an siam lai hian EIA te leh EMP (Environment Management Plan ) te chu an ngaihtuah tel tur a ni.
8. Post Monitoring: He stage hi chu hmasawnna hna an tan hnuah tan a ni a. EIA report atanga invenna leh chhawmdawlna (mitigation measure) te chu zawm an ni em tih te leh hmasawnna hna chuan Danin a phal chin a pel em tih te chu endik a ni.